After hours of research, I have concluded that the following is the least one needs to know in order to take good photographs:
First, "photo" means "light." Photographs are shaped by how much (or how little) light is present. Three things - ISO, shutter speed, and aperture - determine how much light is used in capturing an image.
ISO = the measure of a digital camera sensor's sensitivity to light
aperture = the size of the opening in the lens when a picture is taken
shutter speed = the amount of time that the shutter is open
Read more: http://digital-photography-school.com/learning-exposure-in-digital-photography#ixzz0f6rbU1vm
Lower numbers are better when more light is present and will give better detail.
Sticking to ISO of 100 or 200 is recommended; otherwise, little flecks may appear in the images, especially in the darker portions.
Use a lower ISO on a sunny day and/or when optimum quality is desired. Almost all photography done on a sunny day can be done at ISO 100 - even sports. A low ISO produces almost no (if any) digital noise. This is the ISO we'd use for sweeping landscapes.
ISO 200 or even 400 can be used on a cloudy day.
When shooting in low light and a flash can't be used, ISO 800 and higher is recommended.
ISO 200 or even 400 can be used on a cloudy day.
When shooting in low light and a flash can't be used, ISO 800 and higher is recommended.
While ISO relates to how saturated with light a photo will be, aperture relates to how open the lens is when a picture is taken and affects depth-of-field.
Large aperture (small f-stop value, i.e. F/2) --> shallow DOF
Small aperture (large f-stop value, i.e. F/8) --> great DOF
Finally, there's shutter speed. If it's dark, a slower speed is needed to let more light in. For instance, at dusk, a speech of 1/30 (of a second) would be more appropriate than 1/300.
Here's a simulation to help hands-on learners understand the concepts covered:
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